My previous research has focused on the effects of differences in rearing situation (being reared by mothers versus being reared by attentive humans) on the later social behavior of captive juvenile and adult chimpanzees at the Primate Foundation of Arizona.  While there is a rich literature on the effects of rearing situation on later juvenile behavior and physiology, very little is known about how long-lasting these effects might be in long-lived animals such as apes.  My research indicated that some rearing effects lasted through adulthood, while others were ephemeral, disappearing after the juvenile period.  Perhaps most interestingly, males seemed to be more strongly affected by perturbations of the rearing environment than females.